Shakespeares time Essay Example For Students

Shakespeares time Essay Alonso: Good boatswain, have care. Wheres the ace? Play the men. Boatswain: I ask now, keep below. We can see the Boatswain attempts to keep up the regard that should be kept with a lord in a strategic manner. Antonio: Where is the ace, boatswain? Boatswain: Do you not hear him? You deface our work keep your lodges. You do help the storm. We can see that soon the Boatswains resilience will run out. Gonzalo: Nay, great, be patient. Boatswain: When the ocean is. Consequently! What thinks about the name of lord? To lodge. Quietness! Inconvenience us not. At last his understanding has snapped. He says when the ocean is because of Gonzalos demand for him to show restraint, implying that he will turn out to be increasingly open minded when the tempest has likewise become more tolerant. The way that various creations of The Tempest stage the scene fluctuates. For instance at times it is introduced on an uncovered stage however then others have enormous models of a boat or the components of a wreck flung about the stage, for example, a frayed pole. I feel that a creation with present day innovation would have a superior impact of a sensible tempest, however just if its all around done. For instance if the arranging is especially pitiful and the nature of the innovation is awful then clearly so is the impact it has on the crowd. An uncovered stage can be extremely effective, however just if the on-screen characters are awesome also. In Shakespeares time the sound of thunder could be made with moving gun balls and drums. Normally stunts were utilized in scenes like this, which could emit a lot of commotion. If I somehow happened to utilize present day innovation I would presumably utilize the hints of thunder and dim, soiled lighting to make an impact of a dark sky. I may cover the stage floor with dry ice or a smoke machine so as to make the hallucination of a vessel as opposed to only an exposed stage. This impact and the entertainers developments could make the influencing of the boat or savage shaking movement increasingly credible on the off chance that it is difficult to tell where the stage floor is. I may very well have enormous bits of wood dispersed about the phase with two or three wooden shafts remaining with white material hung over them to make an impact of a ghastly state. To make a figment of downpour I may utilize the sound of downpour and on-screen characters entering the phase with wet garments and wet hair. What I have additionally seen in different creations of The Tempest is that in spite of the fact that Ariel evokes the tempest he is never present in the principal scene. I feel this is on the grounds that the effect that this scene would have would be extensively decreased. The purpose behind this is I imagine that the tempest is intended to be sensible; with a vaporous soul flying around the pole I feel that the force of the scene would be lost, as I discovered with a creation that I participated in. I have discovered that with certain creations of The Tempest individuals have removed the vast majority of the scene totally. Taking Dereck Jarmans The Tempest, the main scene is of Prospero resting however with an upset rest, loaded with bad dreams. There are snappy shots of film of a tempest, at that point back to Prosperos face, as though we are taking a gander at parts he had always wanted. I feel this was insufficient on the grounds that it did not have the emotional effect that the main scene would have had on the off chance that it were incorporated and there was no demonstration of the force battles, no prologue to characters. The second creation I have seen of The Tempest is by John Gorrie. Despite the fact that the acting was terrible, the scene occurred on a legitimate boat and fused the full scene. There were reasonable sounds and embellishments, for example, the shaking of the boat and downpour. I additionally felt to a greater degree a feeling this was something energizing and that ideally the remainder of the creation would be as well. I likewise observed a totally extraordinary type of The Tempest in Peter Greenaways adjustment, Prosperos Books. It begins with an elderly person discussing his books, what powers they have, what they are called. Echoes can begin to be known about the discourse from the tempest arrangement. .u0df410086bd99a29cdb046ea5f0535b8 , .u0df410086bd99a29cdb046ea5f0535b8 .postImageUrl , .u0df410086bd99a29cdb046ea5f0535b8 .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u0df410086bd99a29cdb046ea5f0535b8 , .u0df410086bd99a29cdb046ea5f0535b8:hover , .u0df410086bd99a29cdb046ea5f0535b8:visited , .u0df410086bd99a29cdb046ea5f0535b8:active { border:0!important; } .u0df410086bd99a29cdb046ea5f0535b8 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u0df410086bd99a29cdb046ea5f0535b8 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u0df410086bd99a29cdb046ea5f0535b8:active , .u0df410086bd99a29cdb046ea5f0535b8:hover { obscurity: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u0df410086bd99a29cdb046ea5f0535b8 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relati ve; } .u0df410086bd99a29cdb046ea5f0535b8 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-embellishment: underline; } .u0df410086bd99a29cdb046ea5f0535b8 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u0df410086bd99a29cdb046ea5f0535b8 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-adornment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0df410086bd99a29cdb046ea5f0535b8:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u0df410086bd99a29cdb046ea5f05 35b8 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u0df410086bd99a29cdb046ea5f0535b8-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u0df410086bd99a29cdb046ea5f0535b8:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Just-in-Time in Kalamazoo EssayWe see the elderly person thinking of a portion of the discourse as it is being said. Some recording of raindrops is embedded between shots. The setting of the scene out of nowhere changes to what resembles a Turkish shower with the elderly person washing in it. We before long observe a youngster swinging on a swing above. The discourse of the tempest succession was all the while resounding around while the kid (playing Ariel) kept on peeing on a toy transport in the shower, to speak to Ariels development of the tempest. The expectation of this creation may have been representative however I thought that it was all preferably confounding and substantially less sensational over the BBC creation, which had a lower nature of acting and most likely not as a lot to spend in the method of the setting and embellishments.

Mass Number Definition and Examples

Mass Number Definition and Examples Mass number is anâ integer (entire number) equivalent to the aggregate of the quantity of protons and neutrons of a nuclear core. As such, it is the aggregate of the quantity of nucleons in a molecule. Mass number is regularly signified utilizing a capital letter A. Balance this with the nuclear number, which is essentially the quantity of protons. Electrons are rejected from the mass number in light of the fact that their mass is such a great amount of littler than that of protons and neutrons that they dont truly influence the worth. Models 3717Cl has a mass number of 37. Its core contains 17 protons and 20 neutrons. The mass number of carbon-13 will be 13. At the point when a number is given after a component name, this is its isotope, which fundamentally expresses the mass number. To locate the quantity of neutrons in a molecule of the isotope, just take away the quantity of protons (nuclear number). Along these lines, carbon-13 has 7 neutrons, since carbon has nuclear number 6. Mass Defect Mass number just gives a gauge of isotope mass in nuclear mass units (amu).The isotopic mass of carbon-12 is right in light of the fact that the nuclear mass unit is characterized as 1/12 of the mass of this isotope. For different isotopes, mass is inside about 0.1 amu of the mass number. The explanation there is a distinction is a direct result of mass deformity, which happens in light of the fact that neutrons are marginally heavier than protons and in light of the fact that the atomic restricting vitality isn't steady between cores.

12 Jobs That Dont Require a College Degree That Pay Over $50,000

12 Jobs That Dont Require a College Degree That Pay Over $50,000 12 Jobs That Pay Over $50,000, No College Degree Required 12 Jobs That Pay Over $50,000, No College Degree RequiredNo college degree? No problem for these career paths.While paying for college can leave you with a mountain of debt, looking for a job  with no college degree comes with a host of troubles too.  Tons of jobs require those degrees right off the bat, which can drastically narrow your search before you’ve even begun.And many of the jobs that are left over don’t pay nearly as well. Working a low-paying job while trying to support a family is exactly the kind of thing that leaves you vulnerable to predatory bad credit loans and title loans.Luckily, this isn’t true in all cases. If you only have a high school diploma, there are many jobs you can get that that still pay pretty well! That’s why looked through the latest info from the U.S. Bureau of Labor statistics and picked out 12 primo jobsâ€"all with average annual salaries above $50,000â€"that don’t require a college degree.Enjoy!1. Elevator installers and repairers $7 8,890 per yearWhile this job doesn’t require a high school diploma, it will require an apprenticeship. In 35 states, you’ll also need to be licensed. But if you can get the gig, you’ll be bringing in a very nice wage! The Bureau predicts that this field will grow 13 percent between 2014 and 2024. It’s not like we could have cities (or any tall buildings) without elevators, right?2.  Transportation inspectors $72,220  per yearThis field includes inspectors for both freight and passenger transportation. Odds are you’ll be working in the rail or auto repair industry or for a branch of the government. Sure, this a job that can come with serious consequences if you screw up, but with an average annual wage in the low 70’s, it’s worth it.3.  Gaming managers $69,180  per yearNo this doesn’t mean managing a Game Stop or a DD store. It means working in the gambling industry. While this is a job you might have to work up toâ€"climbing through the ranksâ€"it’s not like the gambling industry’s going to go anywhere. Even with the advent of internet gambling, there’s something about casinos (the stale smell of sadness and cigarettes) that just can’t be beat.4.  Subway and streetcar operators $64,680  per yearWe’re based in Chicago, which has a pretty fantastic public transportation system, so trust us when we tell you that cities literally could not function without people working these jobs. Sadly, unless there’s a huge boom in local rail construction, these jobs will continue to be less widely available than many of the other ones on this list.5.  Claims adjusters, examiners, and investigators $63,680  per yearThis is a great job for someone who doesn’t want to sit around an office all day, as these folks are often going out and inspecting prospective claims. Higher-up positions might require a bachelor’s degree.While the Bureau doesn’t predict a ton of growth for these roles (3% from 2014 to 2024), there will always be a market for t hem. People will keep screwing up and/or trying to pull a fast one. It’s what we do!6.  Boilermakers $62,980  per yearUntil we can make buildings that warm themselves, boiler’s ain’t going nowhere. This is another job that usually requires an apprenticeship program (and it helps if you some prior welding) experience. Plus, the work itself can be difficult and dangerous, and you can find yourself working away from home for months at a time. If you want a job where you can earn a great wage working with your hands, then check it out.7.  Construction and building inspectors $58,480  per yearThis is a good job for someone who’s been working construction for a while, as industry experience is a big plusâ€"bordering on a “must-have.” Its availability is tied to the construction industry (more building built = more buildings being inspected) and the Bureau predicts that it’ll grow 8 percent through 2024.8.  Postal service workers $56,790  per yearIn general, getting a job at the post office is a great idea if you’re looking for a solid job that doesn’t require a college degree. Post office clerks are based in the post-office itself, which means that the job has a heavy customer service aspect to it.If you’re into something a little more outdoorsyâ€"and like dogsâ€"then being a mail carrier might be a better fit.9.  Electricians $52,720  per yearBy this point, you’ve probably noticed that a lot of these jobs are related to construction. That’s not surprising! A lot of these jobs require hard work, experience, and knowledgeâ€"just not the kind you’ll get with a bachelor’s degree!Becoming an electrician requires an apprenticeshipâ€"and always carries the risk of getting shockedâ€"but it’s a great job with a bright (pun intended) future. And if you’re sneaky, like this basketball-obsessed electrician, you can leave your mark on a building for years to come.10. Telecommunications line installers and repairers $52,590  per yearWe cannot stress this enough: If you are afraid of heights, this is not the job for you. And remember that “risk of being shocked” that we mentioned with electricians? Yeah, that’s also a huge risk here. Being a line worker is a good job it’s just not necessarily the safest. It  requires extensive on-the-job training and/or an apprenticeship.11. Sales representatives $52,490  per yearAh, yes. Sales. The world’s second-oldest profession. There are a wide array of sales positions out there, from Best Buy to IBM to Glengarry Glen Ross. These positions can be tough, with a high turnover and a lot of sketchy employers, but they represent a fantastic opportunity for someone who has a knack for itâ€"college degree not required. Just remember your ABCs: Always Be Closing.12. Hearing aid specialists $50,250  per yearThis is a job that you probably haven’t considered, but it’s definitely one that you should look into. As a hearing aid specialist you will administer hearing tests, take ear impressions, design ear molds, and other duties related to hearing aids.As the U.S. population ages over the next couple decades, this demand for this job is only going to increase.  That’s probably why the Bureau predicts a 27 percent rise in hearing aid specialists positions by 2024.Have you had experience searching for a job without a college degree? We want to hear what that’s been like for you! You can  email us  or you can find us on Twitter at @Opploans.

Prostitution Is The Worlds Oldest Profession - 1365 Words

Prostitution is known as â€Å"the world’s oldest profession.† It has been in practice since the beginning of time; whether it be legally or illegally. Prostitutes-typically women- are either accepted or shunned depending on the society they live in (Jenkins). At a point in time in Southern India, the Devadasi culture required girls to become prostitutes when they reached their puberty years in order to gather dowry money until it was outlawed in 1988 (Kelly). Despite the potential risks that prostitution has, it is still advocated in the twenty-first century. In the United States, prostitution is illegal everywhere other than ten counties in Nevada. â€Å"The most infamous brothel,† called The Mustang Ranch, resides in Sparks, Nevada (Nevada’s). Prostitution may reduce poverty; however, due to the increased risk of sexually transmitted diseases, abuse against women, and human trafficking, The Mustang Ranch should be shut down and prostitution must be outl awed in those ten counties. The Mustang Ranch first opened its doors in 1951, even though prostitution was not legal in Nevada until about twenty years later. Joe Conforte, â€Å"The Father of Legalized Prostitution,† took over the brothel in 1967 with his wife, Sally Burgess. Although he built a positive image for himself by feeding the hungry and offering free sessions to veterans, he was convicted of tax fraud in 1971, so The Mustang Brothel was seized and sold to the IRS in 1990 (A History). Then, Lance Gilman purchased the brothelShow MoreRelatedProstitution And The Worlds Oldest Profession2225 Words   |  9 PagesWhen looking into Prostitution women are usually thought to be the lowest form a part of the human species, people make assumptions as to why a women would even bother with the idea of subjecting herself to harsh treatment by others, people often correlate the idea of prostitution with human trafficking. That each of these categories are of association, prost itution is â€Å"the practice or occupation of engaging in sexual activity with someone for payment.† While human trafficking is â€Å"the illegal movementRead MoreProstitution : The Worlds Oldest Profession1906 Words   |  8 PagesProstitution is often regarded as the world’s oldest profession. As immoral and illegal as it may be regarded, it is still a profession that is utilized by people today. Commercial Sex, as it is sometimes called, is the business or practice of engaging in sexual relations in exchange for payment or some other benefit. Prostitution is just one of the many branches of the sex industry and is possibly the largest. Prostitution is primarily targeted towards male clientele but the profession ranges fromRead MoreThe World s Oldest Profession For Nothing1613 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Prostitution isn t inherently immoral, any more than running a company like Enron is inherently immoral. It s how you do it that counts. And the reality is that it will happen anyway. It s not called the world s oldest profession for nothing. Why not make it, at the least, safe and productive?† -JEANNETTE ANGELL of A Wellness Perspective on Prostitution, Freedom, Religion, and More, Seek Wellness, Apr. 30, 2005. Prostitution, known as the world s oldest profession, and it exists everywhereRead MoreProstitution Is A Single Right Definition For Prostitution1167 Words   |  5 PagesProstitution is something that has and always will be existent. It’s legal in many parts of the world and it has always been debated whether or not it should be legalized here in the US. There are many aspects to look when determining whether it is the right or wrong thing to legalize prostitution. But first we have define what exactly is prostitution. There’s not a single right definition for prostitution. We could look at the dictionary definition that’s the transfer of money for sexual activityRead MoreWhat is Prostitution?1838 Words   |  7 Pages According to the 2014 Merriam-Webster dictionary, prostitution is defined as â€Å"the act of having sex in exchange for money† (â€Å"Prostitution†). In the United States, the trafficking of sex sales has been illegal since the early 1900’s, with the exception of the 49th state, Alaska (Head). The trade was deemed unethical by the Women’s Christian Temperance Union, also credited with the ban of drug use and the elimination of alcohol in the 1920’s. Today, in all but two states, the buying and selling ofRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legalized?1725 Words   |  7 PagesProstitution Should Be Legalized Some say prostitution is the world s oldest profession. Yet, only a small percentage of the world’s government allows it. The legalization of prostitution is a very controversial topic due to many people’s moral beliefs. Prostitutes all over the world are treated as outcasts. A reason for people to be against prostitution could be due to their religious beliefs, moral standpoints, or lack of knowledge over the subject. Many religions state that sex outside of marriageRead MoreWhy Prostitution Should Remain Illegal in the United States1494 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Paper 20 April 2012 Why Prostitution Should Remain Illegal in the United States Prostitution is said to be â€Å"the world’s oldest profession† (Ramchandran par. 1). The Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary defines prostitution as â€Å"the act or practice of engaging in promiscuous sexual relations especially for money† (â€Å"Prostitution† par. 1). Many people argue that prostitution should be legalized, but it hurts people more than it helps. Legalization of prostitution condones sexual behavior for profitRead MoreProstitution Is The World Oldest Profession1657 Words   |  7 PagesProstitution is â€Å"the exchange of sexual acts for money, food, rent, drugs, or other material goods.† (WomensLaw). One who works in this field is then to be labeled a prostitute. Although the field of prostitution is the world’s oldest profession, it is a topic that is typically hushed down and not often studied. It is a part of our society and must be discussed for a better understanding. Going on to say, the physical and psychologi cal behavior that is associated within prostitution is derived fromRead MoreShould Prostitution Be A Victimless Crime?1506 Words   |  7 PagesThe act of prostitution has been a leading topic of moral and legislative debate for centuries. Sometimes referred to as the ‘world’s oldest profession’ because it dates back to around 2400 B.C., prostitution is the practice of exchanging, selling or trading of sexual acts for payment. Although this service is forbidden amongst the world more often than it is not, the debate of its legalization has remained a heated issue (ProQuest Staff).The legalization of prostitution and whether or not prostitutionRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Prostitution1098 Words   |  5 Pages from a state to the other, prostitution is an integral part of society. Prostitution is often referred as the world oldest profession (Forrest). For thousands and thousands years, humans have been exchanging money or material goods for sex. Throughout man kind History, set of laws has been put in place with the purpose of controlling and regulating its practice. But, it has never appeared to prevail over its illegal operations. According to the dictionary prostitution is by definition the practice

Legal Issue Scenario Academic Dishonesty - 997 Words

Legal Issue Scenario: Academic Dishonesty Technology is rapidly evolving and changing, and as a result of the increasing availability and propagation of several forms of technology, academic dishonesty cases in every college and university have greatly multiplied and become a global issue. The issue on cheating behaviors in students is so pervasive and uncontrollable that it is almost considered as commonplace (Arhin Jones, 2009). One of the hardest challenges for educators is knowing how and when to discipline their students. In the given scenario, there are several issues to take into account; the first and foremost being the issue of academic dishonesty. Academic dishonesty is defined by the Webster dictionary as the intentional participation in deceptive practices regarding one’s academic work or the work of another (Faucher Caves, 2009). Jones (2011) states that many institutions of higher education have adopted academic dishonesty policies, instituted academic integ rity tutorial completion prerequisites for next term registration, and acquired plagiarism software detection tools. They go on to say that within the past few years, high-tech cheating is gradually replacing the simple cut-and-paste cheating, and educators must be proactive and develop instructional strategies that integrate all facets of appropriate digital citizenship, that is, digital ethics. By implementing these academic dishonesty and integrity policies and making them attainable toShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Academic Dishonesty1416 Words   |  6 Pagestechnology, academic dishonesty cases in every college and university have greatly multiplied and become a global issue. The issue on cheating behaviors in students is so pervasive and uncontrollable that it is almost considered as commonplace (Arhin Jones, 2009). One of the hardest challenges for educators is knowing how and when to discipline their students. In the given scenario, there are several issues to take into account; the first and foremost being the issue of academic dishonesty. â€Å"AcademicRead MoreKeeping The Students Rights And School Policies1806 Words   |  8 Pageswith another impartial faculty member present to discuss the situation. The educator would then inform the student that he or she has been accused of using his or her cellphone during the examination that day and would remind the student of the academic and school policies which clearly state that using devices, such as a cellphone, during the exam is strictly forbidden and provide the student with copies of the policies. The policies would be reviewed together and specific sections where prohibitionsRead MoreEssay on The Dangers of Cell Phones in Society2678 Words   |  11 Pagesraised. I believe that cell phones are dangerous, because of threat posed to safety, academic integrity, and communication skills in our society. The most prominent danger that exists with cell phones is threat they pose to safety. One threat to safety is the invasion of privacy. An invasion of privacy is defined as â€Å"the intrusion of one’s personal belongings property, which will leave him/her vulnerable to theft† (Legal Dictionary). This theft could range from physical property, to the person’s identityRead MoreThe Honest Truth Of Dishonesty2977 Words   |  12 Pagesamong colleagues, strengthening lawful legal systems, and classifying actions as morally acceptable or unacceptable. In recent years the idea of honesty has taken an abrupt halt and shifted towards the concept of dishonesty, a constantly growing enterprise formulated on incentives and misguided logic. This is the belief that a person’s behavior is deceitful or fraudulent, and is often misconstrued as a trait of swindlers and the morally corrupt. However, dishonesty is a natural occurrence seen in everyRead MorePlagiarism Is A For m Of Cheating2006 Words   |  9 PagesEssay on Plagiarism Nahien Chowdhury University of Florida â€Æ' What Constitutes Plagiarism? Plagiarism is a form of cheating, and a serious violation of the honor code and academic honesty in educational institutions. According to dictionary.com, plagiarism is: a piece of writing or other work reflecting such unauthorized use or imitation [1]. In simplified terms, plagiarism is taking and using some else’s work without giving credit to the righteous owner, for using their information. This work includesRead MoreEnergy Policy3086 Words   |  13 Pageswill be posted on the noticeboard and may also be broadcast on our Twitter feed - http://www.gsom.ac/twitter.asp. 2. Module Overview This module identifies the main elements of international energy policy – which centres around the issue of how we maintain sustainable economic growth whilst ensuring the security of energy supply in all its myriad forms and maintain bio-diversity or environmental sustainability. It will also deal with the assessment of world energy needs and the availableRead MoreMonetizing Debt: An Evasive Maneuver Essay2187 Words   |  9 PagesFederal Reserves performance. People must be more skeptical on key federal policies in the United States due to the current recessive state of our economy plundering potentially into disastrous levels. Monetizing debt is technically legal; however it becomes an issue of morality by the specifics to which it is being conducted. The constantly growing power of federal influence on markets, specifically the selling of national securities with the purpose of debt liquidation, not only defies the idealsRead MoreContingency Plan3864 Words   |  16 Pag es      Content       1. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦3 2. Objectives of the plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 3. Stakeholders of Hong Kong Baptist University†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 4. List of potential risks†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...4 5. Fabricating academic credentials of teaching staffs†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 5.1 Situation identification†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦..5 5.2 Responsibilities of Crisis Management Team†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦....6 5.3 Action to be taken†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......10 5.3.1 Principles of action duringRead MoreSample Resume : Ensure A Safe Workplace2743 Words   |  11 Pagesmanagement systems _Assessment _1_ Due date: 28/07/2015 – OR – I have been granted an extension/Special Consideration until XX/XX/XXXX Time date submitted: HR:MIN AM / PM XX/XX/XXXX Academic Honesty All forms of plagiarism and unauthorised collusion are regarded as academic dishonesty by WIN, resulting in penalties including failure of the unit of study and possible disciplinary action. In submitting this assessment, I acknowledge the following: †¢ I have read and understood WINRead MoreThe Conflict Of Fiduciary Duty3046 Words   |  13 Pagesreasonable observer would perceive a real possibility of misuse of confidential information. Courts will consider public interests, the former client’s interests and need to maintain confidentiality and the importance of the current client’s choice of legal representation and the adverse consequences of disqualifying the lawyer. Because the information was not presented in a client-lawyer context and given the facts, Teddy did not impart any confidential information to Virginia, it is unlikely that there

Free Detection and Identification of Bacteria in Food Free Essays

Rapid detection and identification of bacteria in food and clinical laboratories Abstract Modern technological progress has affected how microbiology is practiced. There is emphasis on the minimalisation of laboratory costs, cost-efficiency and reliability of tests for efficient bacterial identification from food cultures. Before using any technology, it is recommended that the products’ performance characteristics be first tested, particularly as theses characteristics, are often not determined by the manufacturers. We will write a custom essay sample on Free Detection and Identification of Bacteria in Food or any similar topic only for you Order Now Consequently, the sensitivity and specificity, amongst other factors, associated with the use of these tests will also not have been determined. Additional factors would benefit from the use of controls, such as in the form of large scale and controlled clinical trials, in order to study the products’ performance. It is to be borne in mind that the involvement of ‘rapid’ tests, including an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, in bacterial detection may serve bests as methods for expeditious detection and screening than for the purposes of confirmation. 1. Introduction In order to help diagnose infectious diseases, such as the bacteria Salmonella, a leading cause of food poisoning, the need for specialised microbial tests has arisen. Testing food products using rapid methods is a complicated process requiring the balance of sensitivity and specificity for the achievement of a reliable result. The following sections will discuss the use of five different detection methods, flow cytometry, the enterotube II system, chromogenic media, the Enzyme linked immunoassay and polymerase chain reaction and the necessity to balance the specificity and sensitivity of each technique, for the most accurate means of bacterial detection. 2.0 Flow Cytometry Flow cytometry (FCM) is based on the principles of excitation of light, light scattering and fluorochrome molecular emission for the purposes of generating data covering a number of different parametric readings. FCM focuses on cells that measure 0.5um to 40 ?m in diameter. The technique of FCM relies on the provision of a light source, which, are usually lasers, and the cells must first be covered in a layer of phosphate buffered saline before being able to intercept the focused source of light. In this technique, a sample, containing the cells being tested, are injected into the centre of a sheath flow. Flow cytometry provides an analysis of cellular interactions at the macromolecular level. FCM is a technique that is considered to be a critical component of research in the biomedical field (Nolan Sklar,1998). 2.1 Milk testing FCM is one technique which may be useful when testing the safety and quality of milk. Testing milk requires analysis of somatic cell count and microbial analysis. Tests have shown (Gunasekera, et al., 2003) that the analysis of milk, where a known number of cells have been inoculated, upon clearing can be performed by FCM. FCM is able to give a good indication of the somatic cell count in raw milk and when coupled with other methods such as techniques involving fluorescence staining, can be used in testing biological milk quality. This therefore has an important application in the dairy industry, particularly in quality testing. 2.2 Analysis of Water Quality The use of flow cytometry has to date also occurred in tandem with heterotrophic plate count (HPC) for the rapid detection of the bacterial count of potable as well as raw water (Hoefel, et al., 2005). The results showed that FCM was much quicker than HCP, in detecting viable bacteria in samples that were classed as viable but not amenable to culture. The FCM method detected bacteria within an hour as opposed to several days, for the HCP technique. Studies have tested the sensitivity of FC-based assays in comparison to the plaque assay method, to measure levels of an infection virus in a sample (Cantera, et al., 2010). Poliovirus infection (PV1) was tested and the FCM method applied to a water sample infected with PV1-infected cells. The study revealed that a combination of flow cytometry, used with fluorescence resonance energy transfer technology, is able to sensitively and quickly detect the presence of infectious virus in a sample of environmental water. 2.3 Specificity of FCM FCM has also been used to investigate whether T4 phage infected cells with E. coli ATCC 111303 can be differentiated from uninfected cells, based on phage DNA fluorescent detection. The technique, involving the lysis of bacterial cells by phage, allowed for the detection for infected cells 35 minutes post infection. Thus, FCM is able to be specific, when used combined with phages of predetermined host specificity. Overall, FCM is able to quantitatively measure and sensitively detect molecular level interactions and as such it may be considered to be a robust and adaptable technology (Nolan Sklar, 1998). 3.0 The enterotube ll system The Enterotube II was described for the first time in 1969 (Painter Isenberg, 1973). This technology is an example of a rapid system of multi-test nature, functioning as a biochemical and enzymatic test method. The test system, functions by identifying unclassified gram-negative, rod shaped and oxidase-negative bacteria, belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. The test is often conducted within clinical laboratories. The machine comprises a flat-sided tube within which are 12 compartments, developed to allow different biochemical tests to be conducted. The system does consistently produce accurate results, and hence is liable to produce occasional false results. 3.1 Sensitivity and specificity Reports such as the one by Dalton et al., (1993) in the detection of bacteriuria, have found that upon screening, only 55% specificity and 93% sensitivity have been obtained. O’Hara (2005) reports that it may be valuable for the diagnostic laboratory running tests, using equipment such as the Enterotube II system, to first stipulate what levels of ‘accuracy’ and ‘discrimination’ they consider are acceptable from their systems of identification. Accuracy of identification may be maximised by using the skills of a qualified microbiologist to confirm the bacterial classification (O’Hara, 2005). An additional way to potentially maximise sensitivity and specificity is to send an isolate to a reference laboratory in order to confirm identity. Use of enterotube II system will be for the testing of oxidase-negative bacteria and hence it should first be established that the oxidase test is not positive. To achieve this, and improve the specificity, an o xidase test may be performed on the relevant cultures. In order to improve interpretation of results from use of the Enterotube II system, a suitable incubation time should be used, such as 16 hours (in the analysis of carbohydrate reactions (Woolfrey, et al., 1981). Furthermore, tests resulting in ambiguous classifications should be reevaluated (Woolfrey, et al., 1981) in order to improve specificity, without hampering the tests’ sensitivity. 4.0 Chromogenic Media Chromogenic media (or fluorogenic media) are a microbial growth media of microbial nature. The media contains enzymes that are linked to either fluorogen (involved in light reaction) or chromogen (involved in colour reaction) or a combination of both. The method works by detecting activities that are enzymatic in nature, that are produced by the target microorganisms. Enzymatic activities are detected by the use of either organic compounds or dyes, as microorganisms, which grow in the proximity of these compounds are liable to make a distinctive pattern of colouring or alternatively fluoresce, which can be detected under UV light. Chromogenic media were first designed for application in clinical settings, but have proven to be useful in food testing. 4.1 Sensitivity and specificity of chromogenic media Chromogenic media are considered to be a sensitive method of media analysis, when compared to more conventional types of media analysis (Downes, 2001). This is because the chromogenic media method allows for a faster analysis, with a turnover time of 24 hours, and it is also considered to have a higher sensitivity. In the identification of E.coli or Listeria monocytogenes, for example, specially designed chromogenic media are available for the purposes of improving test sensitivity. When considering Salmonella detection, a number of specialised chromogenic media that are able to improve the specificity of detection are available. A study by Perez et al., (2003) showed that both broth enrichment and increasing the incubation time by a factor of two (from 24 hours to 48 hours) effectively increases the sensitivity of all of the media being used. Furthermore, due to the specificity of the chromogenic media, (determined to be greater than 84% following a two-day incubation period), a reduction in the need to undergo confirmatory tests improved the overall sensitivity of the specialized chromogenic media. A second study by Monneri et al., (1994), for the comparison of two new types of agar, media of chromogenic nature, Salmonella Detection and Identification Medium (SMID) and Rambach agar, against two conventional types of media for the detection of Salmonella. The results revealed that the newer chromogenic agar media were notably more specific than the more convent ional media. Rambach agar was furthermore slightly more specific than SMID, being able to detect all Salmonella serotypes following a complementary C8 esterase test. Hence, sensitivity and specificity can be maximised by increasing culture time to 2 days fully, and using Rambach agar where appropriate, such as in the detection of Salmonella serotypes. 5.0 Enzyme Linked Immunoassay The Enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA) is a common antibody based technique designed for microorganism, or pathogenic, detection. The method is noted to have a high standard of specificity and sensitivity (Evans et al., 1989). A quantitative, or qualitative method may be used for the purposes of interpreting the results, which are, respectively, via the use of an instrumental read-out or through visual means. Specialised test kits to aid in the detection of Listeria, Salmonella and other microorganisms are commercially available. 5.1 Sensitivity and specificity A study by Evans et al., (1989) utilised ELISA in the detection of Campylobacter pylori. The specificity and sensitivity of the test allowed for the detection of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies targeted against the cell-associated proteins of C. pylori. Values of specificity and positive predictive value were revealed to be 100% for the high molecular weight cell-associated proteins. Furthermore, the assay sensitivity was measured at 98.7%, with the negative predictive value recorded as 98.6%. This indicates that specialised ELISA tests are likely to be valuable in such instances as in the detection of H. pylori. Furthermore, the costs of using the ELISA, as noted by Evans et al., (1989) are that it is cost effective and readily usable, with a lower likelihood of obtaining false negatives than with other tests, such as the use of a ‘urea breath test’ which is also amenable to be useful for the same purpose. Svennerholm Holmgren, (1978) report that E. Coli can be sensitively detected using a ganglioside ELISA. The method was deemed to be reliable and allow a high level of reproducibility. In general, it has been reported that the specificity and, or, sensitivity of assays that are commercially available, such as the ELISA may be maximised by having set cut-off values decreed by the manufacturers, according to the target disease (Cuzzubbo, et al., 1999). Furthermore, the IgG test, due to having 100% specificity, is highly likely to be reliable, as a method for bacterial testing. 6.0 Polymerase Chain Reaction Similar to the ELISA test, the ‘PCR’ or the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is one of the most readily recognised and used diagnostic tool currently in use. PCR works by identifying a highly specific sequence of DNA from a microorganism that is under target. Subsequent to this, the sequence much be amplified in order to allow for detection of the microorganism. PCR is considered to be reliable and specific, as a detection method, being able to detect bacteria of pathogenic nature within a time frame of a day. As a form of DNA-based assay, PCR has been developed to detect foodbourne pathogens. For the purposes of DNA hybridization, PCR is able to amplify one single DNA copy in fewer than 2 hours by one million times. However, in situations where amplification is not completely efficient, such as when inhibitors are present in food, the normally extremely high levels of sensitivity of PCR become reduced. In order to improve sensitivity therefore, a form of cultural enrichm ent is likely to achieve this (Rose Stringer, 1989). As a rapid method to screen food samples for bacteria, PCR tests that are run and found to yield positive results are regarded as being ‘presumptive’ and require methods that are more conventional to confirm this (Feng, 1996). For direct testing, due to a lack of adequate specificity and sensitivity, pre-analsysis culture enrichment is frequently called for, which serves to increase specificity (Feng, 1997). 6.1 Sensitivity and specificity of PCR To maximise the sensitivity of certain types of PCR, such as NK-1R PCR, a form of ‘nested’ PCR, and for this an increased number of cycles of the primary PCR may be helpful. For example, 35 secondary PCR cycles and 45 primary PCR cycles, were performed by O’Connell (2002) as opposed to a more standard number of between 25 and 30 cycles for both to increase sensitivity. In order to identify and detect bacteria furthermore, qcRT-PCR is likely to be less sensitive overall than more conventional PCR and hence, single-target PCR is advisable for a higher level of sensitivity. It has also been noted that PCR conditions and parameters of cycling should ideally be optimised for every, and each primer in order to allow the achievement of a maximum yield of specific product and miminise monotarget sequence amplification. Knowles (1992) suggests that nested PCR may be helpful in improving both sensitivity and specificity. It is noted that increasing the speed of amplification of PCR has not effect upon test sensitivity, and hence this alteration it is unlikely to be worth the additional costs or time-saving advantage associated with increasing the cycling protocol. 7. Conclusion Rapid tests such as PCR, the Enterotube II system, ELISA, flow cytometry and chromogenic methods have both benefits and limitations. The relative availability of these techniques and the speed of detection of bacterial pathogens, amongst other factors, suggest advantages but the sensitivity and specificity of the tests must be such that a reliable test result is ensured. In conclusion, a balance of sensitivity and specificity is required, but, by using the techniques mentioned, the reliability of the results obtained by the microbiologist is most likely to be improved. Bibliography Cantera, J.L., Chen, W., Yates, M.V. 2010. Detection of Infective Poliovirus by a Simple, Rapid, and Sensitive Flow Cytometry Method Based on Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Technology. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 76(2), pp.584-588. Cuzzubbo, A. J., Vaughn, D.W., Nisalak, A., Solomon, T., Kalayanarooj, S., Aaskov, J., Dung, N.M. Devine, P.L. 1999. Comparison of PanBio Dengue Duo Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and MRL Dengue Fever Virus Immunoglobulin M Capture ELISA for Diagnosis of Dengue Virus Infections in Southeast Asia. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 6(5), pp. 705-712. Dalton, M.T., Comeau, S., Rainnie, B., Lambert, K Forward, K.R.1993. A comparison of the API Uriscreen with the Vitek Urine Identification-3 and the leukocyte esterase or nitrite strip as a screening test for bacteriuria. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 16(2), pp.93-97. Downes, F.P. 2001. Compendium of methods for the microbiological examination of foods. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association. Evans, D.J. Jr., Evans, D.G., Graham, D.Y. Klein, P.D. 1989. A sensitive and specific serologic test for detection of Campylobacter pylori infection. Gastroenterology. 96(4), pp. 1004-1008. Feng. P. 1996. Emergence of rapid methods for identifying microbial pathogens in foods. Journal of AOAC International. 79(3), pp.809-812. Feng, P. 1997. Impact of Molecular Biology on the Detection of Foodborne Pathogens. Molecular Biotechnology. 7(3)., pp.267-278. Gunasekera, T.S., Veal, D.A., Attfield, P.V. 2003. Potential for broad applications of flow cytometry and fluorescence techniques in microbiological and somatic cell analyses of milk. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 85(3), pp.269-279. Hoefel, D., Monis, P.T., Grooby, W.L., Andrews,S., Saint, C.P. 2005. Culture-Independent Techniques for Rapid Detection of Bacteria Associated with Loss of Chloramine Residual in a Drinking Water System. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 71(11) pp. 6479-6488. Knowles, D.M. (ed.). 1992. Neoplastic Hematopathology, 1st ed. Williams and Wilkins. pp. 919–930. Monnery, I., Freydiere, A.M., Baron, C., Rousset, A.M., Tigaud, S., Boude-Chevalier, M., de Montclos, H. Gille, Y. 1994. Evaluation of two new chromogenic media for detection of Salmonella in stools. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 13(3), pp. 257-261. Nolan, J.P Sklar, L.A. 1998. The emergence of flow cytometry for sensitive, real-time measurements of molecular interactions. Nature Biotechnology, 16(7), pp. 633 – 638. O’ Connell, J. 2002. RT-PCR Protocols. Totowa: Humana Press Inc. O’Hara, C.M., 2005. Manual and Automated Instrumentation for Identification of Enterobacteriaceae and Other Aerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 18(1), pp. 147-162. Painter, B.G. Isenberg, H.D. 1973. Clinical laboratory experience with the improved Enterotube. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 25(6), pp. 896–899. Perez, J.M., Cavalli, P., Roure, C., Renac, R., Gille, Y. Freydiere, A.M. 2003. Comparison of four chromogenic media and Hektoen agar for detection and presumptive identification of Salmonella strains in human stools. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 41(3), pp. 1130-1134. Rose, S.A., Stringer, M.F. 1989. Immunological methods, pp. 121-167. In: Rapid Methods in Food Microbiology: Progress in Industrial Microbiology. M.R. Adams and C.F.A. Hope (eds). New York: Elsevier. Svennerholm, A., Lange, S. Holmgren, J. 1878. Correlation between intestinal synthesis of specific immunoglobulin A and protection against experimental cholera in mice. Infection and Immunity. 21(1), pp. 1–6. Woolfrey, B.F., Fox, J.M. Quall, C.O. 1981. Evaluation of the Repliscan II System for identification of Enterobacteriaceae. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 14(4), pp. 408-410. How to cite Free Detection and Identification of Bacteria in Food, Essay examples

The Excellence and Symmetry Approach

Introduction The aspect of public relations (PR) ranks amongst the most important components in the management disciplines. PR has been a subject of interest amongst different scholars, which has led to the emergence of diverse paradigms and theories on how to implement it. Westbrook (2014, p.106) affirms that the focus of PR has shifted from a single media relations to the integration of the diverse activities undertaken in order to ensure effective and efficient transfer and sharing of information with the target stakeholders.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Excellence and Symmetry Approach specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay evaluates the assertion that some scholars have regarded the excellence and asymmetry approach as the ‘dominant paradigm’ based on findings of other studies conducted by PR scholars. The approach adopted in the paper links the concept of excellence theory and the t wo-way symmetric communication in PR practices. The dominant Paradigm In his 1996 study, Kuhn defined paradigm to include the set of values, beliefs, and techniques shared by members of a particular society regarding a particular element (Bardhan Weaver, 2011, p.84). Subsequently, paradigms refer to unified mindsets or worldviews regarding a particular aspect. Paradigms are subject to shift due to studies conducted to deal with possible anomalies associated with the old model. Additionally, new standards might arise due to the conceptualisations of some aspects outside the existing paradigmatic assumption. Therefore, it is possible for disparate paradigms, which are in tension with each other, to emerge without displacing the different paradigms. For example, the studies conducted by different scholars on the excellence theory have led to the emergence of new paradigms. The excellence/symmetry approach has been touted by different scholars, such as James Grunig, as the ‘domin ant paradigm’ in PR. The validity of the excellence/symmetry approach Managing strategic relationships constitutes one of the fundamental principles of PR (Toth, 2009, p.80). Isaac and Ahmed (2014, p.117) assert that PR enables organisations to deal with possible conflicts that might arise. Furthermore, PR enables organisations to develop and maintain a long-term mutual relationship with the political and social environments. Subsequently, PR enables organisations to minimise the cost of operation by establishing a mutual relationship with the public. L’Etang (2007, p.14) contends that the excellence theory is focused on the role of PR in developing a robust organisational relationship. Therefore, organisations should perceive PR management as an essential element in their decision-making and conflict resolution activities.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The ‘excellence approach’ is one of the views that have been formulated in an effort to explain the best philosophy that an organisation can adopt in order to attain its goals. The excellence approach is based on the systems’ framework, which entrenches the concepts of measurability, organisational effectiveness, and interdependence (L’Etang, 2013, p.61). Additionally, the excellence approach emphasises the importance of appreciating the internal and external environments in organisational management processes. Therefore, organisations must collect and utilise available foreign intelligence to gain new knowledge in various aspects, hence enhancing the degree of organisational excellence. The excellence theory argues that attaining organisational excellence depends on the management team’s commitment to satisfying the internal and external stakeholders (Toth, 2009, p.81). Failure to take into consideration the internal and external stakeholders exposes an organisation to internal and external sources of pressure, which might affect the formulated organisational policies and goals negatively. Furthermore, the excellence theory underscores the importance of ensuring that an organisation operates in a socially acceptable manner. Thus, it is imperative for organisational managers to conduct an extensive evaluation of the environment in which they operate with the objective of identifying the different public groups who might be affected by their organisational decisions and policies. This aspect highlights the extent to which the excellence theory is focused on developing a mutual relationship with the public. The significance of the excellence theory in the 21st century management field has further been enhanced by the assertion of other scholars. According to Marsh (2013, p.74), the excellence theory is increasingly being perceived as one of the strategic roles in public relations. Despite the existence of dissenting opinions from o ther scholars, most scholars cite the excellence theory as the ‘closest public relations paradigm’ (Marsh, 2013, p.75). However, the successful attainment of organisational excellence is only possible if effective communication is adopted, which underscores the importance of taking the symmetrical model. The concept of excellence in public relations is based on the two-way balanced approach. However, most organisations experience a challenge balancing between asymmetry and symmetry in their communication process. The proportioned plan assumes that it is imperative for organisations to major on promoting a high level of interdependence with other schemes that are established within the commercial setting and free flow of information.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Excellence and Symmetry Approach specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Grunig and Dozier (2003, p.69) are of the view that the excellence concept is grounded on the symmetrical PR model. According to Dozier (2003, p.69), â€Å"the symmetrical model is not based on total accommodation or pure cooperation with the public†. On the contrary, it highlights the importance of reconciling the interests of the various stakeholders. Findings of past studies on the concept of excellence affirm that it is tightly linked to the extent to which proportional relationships have been developed to attain mutual benefits. Models of PR and the dominance of the two-way symmetrical perspectives Communication is strongly entrenched in the excellence concept of public relations. According to Botan and Hazleton (2013, p.112), communication forms the basis upon which an organisation interacts with the public. The symmetry approach emphasises the significance of establishing a balance between the organisation and the society through communication. The two-way communication model has extensively been regarded as the normative model in PR practice, hence leading to its entrenchment in the excellence theory. Moreover, the notion of two-way proportioned standpoint adheres to propositions of the system’s premise as illustrated by James Grunig and Todd Hunt in their 1984 study on the typology of PR. The system’s theory argues that organisations are comprised of sub-systems that interact with each other in order to attain a particular outcome (Grunig Dozier, 2003, p.93). The study led to the â€Å"development of diverse models, which include the press agentry, two-way symmetric communication, two-way asymmetric communication, and public information† (Grunig Dozier, 2003, p.93). Press agentry/ publicity model is a one-way model and it is intended to create and spread propaganda (Grunig Dozier, 2003, p.81). Thus, truth is not a key element in the press agentry model of PR. Additionally, the model is characterised by minimal research. Some of the areas in which press agentry is applied include sports, product promotion, and theatre. However, the application of press agentry in the contemporary society is minimal and it is estimated to be 15%. Similar to the press agentry model, the public information model is one way and its core objective is the dissemination of information. Minimal research is involved in this model. However, unlike the press agentry model, truth is essential in the public information model. Currently, the application of the public information model is evident in different areas, such as business, non-governments, and governments. Its usage is estimated to be 50 % (Grunig Dozier, 2003, p.82).  The focus of two-way asymmetric communication is a scientific persuasion. However, two-way asymmetric communication leads to imbalance.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This model is mainly practised by competitive businesses and its usage is estimated to be 20%. Conversely, the two-way symmetric communication is aimed at developing mutual understanding between different parties. The dominance of the two-way symmetric communication is evidenced by the fact that it leads to the development of balanced effects. Despite its appreciation of the existence of distinct boundaries between organisations and the external environment, the excellence theory asserts that organisations must interact and relate with external systems to attain excellence. Thus, organisations have a duty to develop a web of connections to attain long-term sustainability, which underscores the importance of establishing balance during the communication process. Consequently, the two-way symmetrical approach has been regarded as the most provocative theoretical concepts of excellence. According to the symmetrical dimension, communication forms the basis upon which individuals and org anisations adjust their behaviour and ideas in order to align with diverse stakeholders as opposed to controlling their behaviour (Heath, Toth Waymer, 2009, p.140). Thus, efforts to illustrate the application of the symmetrical dimension in attaining organisational excellence led to the conceptualisation of the two-way perspective. This perspective is concerned with developing a win-win situation between the organisation and the public, which underscores the fact that the concepts of excellence and symmetry align with the role of public relations in fostering optimal strategic management function. Several studies have been conducted to evaluate the dominance of the various PR models. One of the most renowned studies entails ‘The Excellent Project’, which was undertaken by the International Association of Business Communicators [IABC] in the period of 1980-1990. The study emphasised the importance of incorporating ‘best practices’ in order to attain excelle nt PR. The study recognised the existence of the four models of PR (Fawkes, 2014, p.90). According to the study, public relations practitioners have a duty to interact with the internal organisation environment to gather sufficient data and relay information from the internal and external environments. This aspect means that the role of PR should not only entail generating news. On the contrary, a participative culture between the internal and external stakeholders must be created. However, this goal is only capable if dominant coalition between the internal and external stakeholders is established, which is only possible through the integration of symmetric communication.  Fawkes (2014, p.94) further affirms that effective negotiation should be applied to develop a participative culture. This aspect underscores the importance of incorporating optimal diplomatic skills to succeed in addressing the needs of diverse stakeholders. Therefore, organisational managers should act as medi ators between the public and the organisation in order to develop a mutual relationship with the public. Moreover, the internal organisational stakeholders and the external stakeholders must adjust their behaviour to accommodate the diverse needs. Therefore, the symmetry/excellence approach eliminates monologue type of communication, which leads to the creation of balance amongst the various stakeholders. Excellence and ethics The dominance of the symmetric/excellence approach in PR is further enhanced by the fact that the approach has integrated the concepts of ethics. Past studies show that ethics constitutes one of the fundamental elements in organisational management. Moreover, ethics enhances the likelihood of attaining organisational excellence (Fawkes, 2014, p.86). Amongst the various PR plans that have been developed, only the two-way regularity contact replica has integrated the importance of principles. Fawkes (2014, p.86) asserts that it is impossible for an organisation to practice public relations without taking into account socially responsible and ethical practices, which is not possible through asymmetric communication. Symmetric communication is inherently moral because it is based on generally acceptable codes of conduct. Other studies conducted by Bowen in 2007 and McElreath in 1996 consider the concept of ethic as a critical component in underpinning ‘best practices’ in organisations. The studies conducted by McElreath and Bowen show that is one of the most vital excellent factors that influences an organisation’s success in implementing excellent PR practices (Fawkes, 2014, p.88). Application of the excellence and symmetric approach in the contemporary business environment Several aspects evidence the support of the excellence and symmetry approach as ‘the dominant paradigm’ in public relations. However, one of the most notable areas of application relates to the integration of the concept of Corporate Soci al Responsibility [CSR] in organisations’ operations. Currently, organisations are increasingly adopting emerging social media platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, Flickr, LinkedIn, and Google+ in an effort to interact with the public. This aspect insinuates that organisations are adopting the concept of interactive communication as opposed to communicating to the public. Furthermore, the two-way symmetric communication has presented organisations with an opportunity to address issues that emerge. For example, the successful execution of the two-way regularity communication at Mark Spencer, which is a cosmopolitan clothing vendor, experienced harmful exposure due to its decision to augment the price of bras above DD-cup size by  £ 2. However, the organisation’s management team dealt with the negative publicity by adopting two-way symmetric communication. Due to the extensive outcry on social media, the organisation was forced to withdraw the decision to raise the pr ice of the DD-cup size underwear (Poulter, 2009, par.8). This aspect highlights that the emergence of Internet-based technologies has strengthened organisations’ ability to undertake two-way communication, hence entrenching the likelihood of nurturing ‘best practices’ in their operation. The importance of the joint symmetric interaction in attaining organisational brilliance is evidenced by the assertion by Watson and Noble (2007, p.56) by affirming that communal anxiety can have adverse effects on an organisation’s commercial status Subsequently, it is imperative for organisational leaders to appreciate the needs of the external stakeholders [public] in order to implement excellent PR successfully. Critic of the symmetric-excellence approach The concepts of excellence and symmetry approach as the dominant paradigm in PR have been criticised by different scholars. Some scholars are of the view that the PR is in nature, asymmetrical. Moreover, other scholar s and practitioners are of the view that the balanced approach is an idealised position, which is difficult to implement, thus making it unrealistic. For example, it is difficult for organisations such as Shell Oil Company to integrate the balanced approach to develop a mutual relationship with the public comprising of unskilled workers. In their opinion, the critics argue that organisations hire PR representatives who are charged with the duty of practising asymmetrically. Therefore, most organisations tend to incorporate both symmetrical and asymmetrical model. This aspect shows that organisations should practice public relations by integrating the ‘mixed-motive’ approach, which entails developing a professional continuum comprised of symmetrical and asymmetrical practices. Grunig and Dozier (2003, p.111) think that the extent of collaboration amongst various stakeholders may be hindered by the existence of conflict between the interest groups. For example, an organis ation may be forced to adopt confrontational response in situations whereby activists are unwilling to collaborate. Studies conducted by Van der Meiden in 1993 show that taking the symmetrical model would force organisations to ignore their self-interest at the expense of the public interest, which is quite unrealistic and ill-advised (Grunig Dozier, 2003, p.112). Another major criticism of the theory of excellence and the symmetric approach as the dominant paradigm in PR is based on the concept of collaboration. The success with which organisations integrate excellence and symmetrical communication depends on the extent of cooperation developed between the internal and external stakeholders (Grunig Dozier, 2003, p.114). However, it is quite challenging to develop such collaboration due to the existence of diverse barriers. Some of the significant obstacles that may limit organisations’ commitment to cooperation with the external stakeholders include institutional disincent ives, ideological and historical boundaries, and cultural differences. The symmetric-excellence model is based on the assumption that all groups within a particular society are interested in engaging in an organisation’s decision-making process, hence the need to establish a ‘participative culture’ to foster dialogue. The existence of differences in national culture may hinder collaboration between an organisation and the public. For example, the presence of high individualism index in the US may hinder the effectiveness with which firms in the region develop a mutual relationship with the public. Conversely, it is relatively easy to develop a collaborative approach in countries such as China, which are characterised by a low individualism index. Findings of studies conducted in Europe and Latin America show that the national culture plays a significant role in the implementation of PR practices (L’Etang, 2007, p.86). Therefore, attempts to integrate symme trical-excellence approach to PR may be hindered by cultural barriers, which limit the relevance of the symmetric-excellence model as the dominant paradigm in PR. Organisations should not be concerned with entrenching symmetries in their PR practices. On the contrary, they should appreciate the existence of differences in society and determine how to attain homoeostasis by minimising the existing differences. Conclusion Organisations are established with the goal of attaining long-term excellence. However, this goal is only possible if optimal practices are adopted. Available literature shows that the concept of public relations has undergone remarkable changes over the past decades, as evidenced by the emergence of diverse paradigms. One of the fundamental aspects that organisations should consider entails developing a strategic relationship with internal and external stakeholders, which underscores the importance of PR. The excellence approach is concerned with integrating ‘ best practices’ in organisations’ public relations processes. According to the excellence approach, organisations should focus on developing a strong relationship with other stakeholders. The relevance of this assertion hinges on the view that the degree to which organisations attains optimal performance is significantly impacted by the society within which they operate. Nevertheless, to achieve excellence, organisations must develop optimal market intelligence. The information gathered from the public forms the basis upon which organisations base their decision. In a bid to do well in collecting pertinent data from the community, it is imperative for organisations to focus on establishing an interactive culture to generate an atmosphere for discussion. In order to achieve discussion, it is imperative for organisations to integrate effectual interaction. However, available literature shows that different models emphasising on the concept of communication have been deve loped. Some of the standard plans of PR include press agentry, public data, and joint asymmetric and mutual symmetric approaches. However, the two-way symmetry communication model is the most dominant as it underscores the importance of balancing the interests and needs of different groups. The dominance of the two-way symmetric communication is evidenced by the high rate at which organisations are adopting interactive communication through social media platforms. Despite the criticism and different perspectives on the concept of symmetry-excellence, the critics have not succeeded in formulating theories on PR that can replace the symmetry-excellence approach, which sustains its strength as the dominant paradigm in PR. Furthermore, the dominance of the symmetry-excellence approach is underscored by the view that it incorporates the concept of ethics. Reference List Bardhan, N Weaver, K 2011, Public relations in global cultural contexts; multi-paradigmatic perspectives, Routledge, L ondon. Botan, C Hazleton, V 2010, Public relations theory II, Routledge, London. Fawkes, J 2014, Public relations ethics and professionalism; a Jungian approach; the shadow excellence, Routledge, New York. Grunig, J Dozier, D 2003, Excellent public relations and effective organisations; a study of communication management in three countries, Routledge, New York. 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Watson, T Noble, P 2007, Evaluating public relations; a best practice guide to public relations planning, research evaluation, Kogan Page, Philadelphia. Westbrook, I 2014, Strategic corporate financial communications; the stock price story, Routledge, London. This essay on The Excellence and Symmetry Approach was written and submitted by user Kailey Decker to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.